[Preservation of residual kidney function in chronic haemodialysis]. / Préservation de la fonction rénale résiduelle et hémodialyse incrémentale.

Residual kidney function (RKF) is defined as the production of a clinically significant amount of urine in dialysis patients. Observational studies suggest that those with preserved RKF have a better prognosis than anuric patients. Preserved RKF allows the prescription of a lower dialysis dose compared to the traditional thrice weekly schedule. Such an "incremental" approach has also been associated with a better global prognosis. In view of the overall growth of incremental HD in the western world, we review the main studies supporting this approach, as well as the benefits and limitations related to RKF preservation.

Chez les patients hémodialysés, la fonction rénale résiduelle (FRR) est définie comme la production d'une quantité d'urine significative du point de vue clinique. Les données observationnelles suggèrent que les patients en hémodialyse (HD) ayant une FRR conservée ont un meilleur pronostic que les patients anuriques. Une FRR préservée permet également la prescription d'une dose d'HD inférieure au schéma traditionnel de 3 séances par semaine. Ce type d'approche «â€…incrémentale ¼ a elle aussi été associée à une amélioration du pronostic global. Au vu de l'essor de l'HD incrémentale dans les pays développés, nous revenons dans cet article sur les principales études qui soutiennent cette approche ainsi que sur les bénéfices et limitations liées à la préservation de la FRR.

Regulatory landscape of alternatives to animal testing in food safety evaluations with a focus on the western world.

Traditional animal models are increasingly being replaced by new approach methodologies (NAMs) which focus on predicting toxicity of chemicals based on mechanistic data rather than apical endpoint data usually obtained from animal models. Beyond in vitro genetic tests, however, only a handful of NAMs have been successfully implemented in regulatory decision-making processes, mostly in the cosmetics and chemicals sector. Regulatory guidance on food safety testing in many jurisdictions still relies on data obtained from animal studies. This is due to the lack of validated models to predict systemic toxicity, which is essential to develop health-based guidance values for food additives. Other factors limiting the adoption of NAMs into food safety assessment include sector legislation lagging behind scientific progress, and lack of training and expertise to use the new models. While regulatory and industry bodies are working to combat these challenges, more needs to be done before these models can be used as standalone tools for regulatory decision-making. This review summarizes the current state and challenges of regulatory acceptance of NAMs for decision-making, and the efforts by governing bodies and industry to transition from animal testing for food safety assessments.

Self-care behaviours and related cultural factors among Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease in western countries: an integrative review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to demonstrate the self-care behaviours of first-generation Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease in western countries and identify related cultural factors. BACKGROUND: Self-care is the cornerstone to mitigate disease symptoms and maintain health status. Chinese immigrants to western countries, operating within a cross-cultural context, may find self-care to manage their cardiovascular disease challenging. DESIGN: An integrative review was conducted. METHODS: Seven databases were searched Scopus, ProQuest Health & Medicine, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), PsycINFO and CINAHL, with output limited to peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2020 in English or Chinese. Initially, 2037 papers were screened. Six papers were retained and critiqued using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Deductive and inductive approaches were utilised to analyse the findings. The PRISMA 2020 checklist informed review reportage. RESULT: In general, Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease took an active role in management of their cardiovascular disease, including through diet and activity adaptation and adherence to western medication. Families also played a significant role in disease decision-making and management. However, language and cultural barriers impeded their access to health information and resources in host countries. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Understanding self-care behaviours and associated cultural factors among Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease is important to improve nurses' culturally sensitive practices and provide tailored health education interventions to promote self-care behaviours among immigrant populations. The scarcity of literature on self-care behaviours among Chinese first-generation immigrants with cardiovascular disease indicates the need for further research in this area. Development of culturally and linguistically sensitive health resources and education programs is urgently needed.

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

O racismo enraizado nas famílias inter-raciais de São Paulo / Deep-rooted racism in interracial families from São Paulo / Racismo arraigado en las familias interraciales de São Paulo

O racismo estrutural é uma realidade na sociedade brasileira e pode ser manifestado no interior de famílias inter-raciais. As crianças e as pessoas adultas que experienciam sentimentos de aceitação ou de rejeição nas dinâmicas familiares desenvolvem diferentes formas de ver a si mesmas, os outros e o mundo ao redor. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as percepções de suporte emocional, rejeição parental na infância e discriminação cotidiana entre pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas. Participaram 175 pessoas, 80% do gênero feminino, com idade da amostra total variando de 18-39 anos (M = 24; DP = 5,11). Cento e três participantes se identificaram como branca/o, 42, como preta/o e 30, como parda/o. Todos responderam um formulário online composto pela Escala de Lembranças de Práticas Parentais, Escala de Discriminação Cotidiana e questões sociodemográficas. O resultado do teste Manova indicou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas em relação ao suporte emocional e à rejeição parental. Quanto à percepção de discriminação, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas subescalas de Tratamento Injusto [X²(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] e Rejeição Pessoal [X²(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], pessoas pretas apresentaram maiores médias que pardas e brancas, respectivamente. Discute-se a importância de falar sobre racismo nas relações familiares. Espera-se percepções de rejeição parental menor para pessoas brancas e de discriminação cotidiana maior para pardas e pretas.(AU)

Structural racism is a reality in Brazilian society and it can manifest within interracial families. Children and adults who experience feelings of acceptance or rejection in family dynamics develop different forms of seeing themselves, others, and the world around them. This study aimed to analyze perceptions of emotional support, parental rejection in childhood, and everyday discrimination between white, mixed, and black people. The participants were 175 people, 80% women, aged between 18 to 39 years (M = 24; DP = 5.11). A hundred and three participants identified themselves as white, 42 as black, and 30 as mixed. All answered an online form with the Memories on Parenting Practices, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and sociodemographic questions. Results show that the MANOVA test indicated no statistically significant difference between white, black, and mixed people regarding emotional support and parental rejection. Concerning the perception of discrimination, there was a statistically significant difference in the Unfair Treatment [X2(2) = 17.360; p < 0.001] and Personal Rejection [X2(2) = 27.970; p < 0.001] subscales, black people presented higher averages than mixed and white groups, respectively. This study discusses the importance of discussing racism in family relationships. Perceptions of lower parental rejection for white people and higher everyday discrimination for mixed and blacks are expected.(AU)

El racismo estructural es una realidad en la sociedad brasileña y puede manifestarse en familias interraciales. Los niños y los adultos que experimentan sentimientos de aceptación o rechazo en la dinámica familiar desarrollan diferentes formas de verse a sí mismos, a los demás y al mundo que los rodea. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las percepciones de apoyo emocional, rechazo de los padres en la infancia y discriminación cotidiana entre personas blancas, mestizas y negras. Participaron 175 personas, 80% mujeres, con una edad de la muestra total de entre 18 y 39 años (M = 24; DE = 5,11). Ciento tres participantes se identificaron como blancos; 42 como negros y 30 como pardos. Todos respondieron un formulario en línea que consta de la Escala de Recuerdo de Prácticas de Crianza, la Escala Discriminación en la Vida Cotidiana y de preguntas sociodemográficas. El resultado de la prueba Manova indicó que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las personas con respecto al apoyo emocional y el rechazo de los padres. En cuanto a la percepción de discriminación, hubo uma diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las subescalas de trato injusto [X2(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] y rechazo personal [X2(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], los negros tenían promedios más altos que los pardos y los blancos, respectivamente. Se discute la importancia de hablar de racismo en las relaciones familiares. Se esperan percepciones de menor rechazo de los padres hacia las personas blancas y mayor discriminación diaria hacia los pardos y negros.(AU)

[Endoscopic submucosal dissection: advances and perspectives]. / Dissection sous-muqueuse endoscopique : avancées et perspectives.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a mini-invasive technique allowing to resect superficial lesions of the digestive tract and maintaining organ function. High technical expertise is required as well as a network approach with referring physicians, pathologists, radiologists, surgeons and oncologists. Rigorous selection of cases as well as endoscopic management of potential complications (hemorrhage, perforation) is mandatory. Therefore, ESD should preferably be performed in expert centers with high volumes of cases, in order to maintain competency and offer optimal patient's management. Most frequent indications in the Western world are early cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon as well as non-non-lifting polyps and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).

La dissection sous-muqueuse (DSM) est une technique permettant la résection des lésions superficielles du tube digestif, de façon mini-invasive, afin de conserver la fonction de l'organe atteint. L'expertise technique aboutissant à ce geste doit s'accompagner d'un travail en réseau associant médecins référents, pathologistes, radiologues, chirurgiens et oncologues. Elle nécessite une sélection rigoureuse des indications, ainsi que la maîtrise des complications éventuelles (hémorragie, perforation) et doit préférablement être réalisée en centre expert, avec un volume suffisant de cas afin de maintenir la compétence. Les indications les plus fréquentes en Occident concernent les cancers super­ficiels de l'œsophage, de l'estomac et du côlon ainsi que les polypes ne se soulevant pas lors de l'injection sous-muqueuse et les tumeurs stromales gastro-intestinales (GIST).

Incidence Trends of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Southern European Country: A Mirror of the Western World?

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people from all age categories worldwide. Although the incidence of the disease is stabilizing or decreasing in most Western world countries, its prevalence is still increasing because of the rise in life expectancy and better disease management. This work intends to identify the trends related to IBD incidence nationwide, analyzing regional, sex, and age distributions. METHODS: Data were provided by the Portuguese Shared Services of the Ministry of Health. This study consisted of a retrospective analysis of all first consultations coded for "Chronic enteritis/ulcerative colitis" (D94) in a primary healthcare setting, between 2017 and 2020, in Portugal. The primary outcome measure was the IBD incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants. We also calculated the incidence rate per person-year and forecasted incidence until 2024. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2019, the incidence rate of IBD in Portugal decreased from 54.9 to 48.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. The average incidence was 20 new cases of IBD per 1,000 person-year. It was predicted that, in December 2023, IBD incidence would reach 305.4 new cases (95% Prediction Interval 156.6-454.3), a similar result to the values forecasted for December 2021 (305.4, 95% Prediction Interval 197.3-413.6). DISCUSSION: The incidence of IBD slightly declined from 2017 to 2019, and it is posed to stabilize in the future. The presented data are of the utmost importance for the characterization of IBD in Southern European countries and the establishment of future health policies in the setting of compounding prevalence in the Western world.

Psicologia, povos tradicionais e perspectivas de(s)coloniais: caminho para outra psicologia / Psychology, traditional peoples and decolonial perspectives: path to another psychology / Psicología, pueblos tradicionales y perspectivas de(s)coloniales: camino hacia otra psicología

Este trabalho busca realizar reflexões sobre a psicologia, em seu percurso histórico junto às comunidades e povos tradicionais. Nesse encontro, procura examinar quais impasses, necessidades e giros são necessários para o pensar e fazer de outra psicologia, uma que se encontre com outras epistemologias e ontologias enraizadas e ancestralmente vividas na América Latina. Para isso, é imperioso compreender os alicerces de fixação modernos e coloniais em que a psicologia se forjou, enquanto uma ciência racionalista, supostamente abstrata e universal, que expressa em sua prática o exercício das colonialidades do saber e do ser, na colonização da subjetividade. O encontro com os povos tradicionais exige da psicologia uma revisitação a seus fundamentos e um giro de(s)colonial ao encontro das reexistências e resistências dessas comunidades, em seus mais de 522 anos de lutas. Ao se deparar com a realidade de conhecimentos, desafios históricos e perspectivas dos povos tradicionais, é possível afirmar que a psicologia se vê diante da necessidade de redefinir seus marcos epistêmicos e políticos.(AU)

This study reflects on psychology in its historical journey with traditional communities and peoples. In this encounter, it seeks to examine what obstacles, needs, and turns are necessary for thinking and doing another psychology, one that meets other ancestral epistemologies and ontologies rooted in Latin America. Such approach requires us to understand the foundations of modern and colonial fixation upon which psychology was forged, as a rationalist, (supposedly) abstract and universal science that expresses in its practice the exercise of the colonialities of knowledge and being, by colonizing subjectivity. From its encounter with traditional peoples, psychology is called upon to revisit its foundations and do a decolonial turn to meet the re-existences and resistances of traditional peoples, in their more than 522 years of struggle. When confronted with the reality of knowledge, historical challenges and perspectives of traditional peoples, psychology is faced with the need to redefine its epistemic and political frameworks.(AU)

Este trabajo busca reflexionar sobre la psicología en su recorrido histórico con las comunidades y pueblos tradicionales. En ese encuentro, pretende analizar qué impases, necesidades y giros son necesarios para pensar y hacer otra psicología, que se encuentre con otras epistemologías y ontologías arraigadas y ancestralmente vividas en América Latina. Para ello, es necesario comprender los fundamentos modernos y coloniales sobre los cuales se forjó la psicología como ciencia racionalista, supuestamente abstracta y universal, y que expresa en su práctica el ejercicio de las colonialidades del saber y del ser en la colonización de la subjetividad. El encuentro con los pueblos tradicionales requiere de la psicología una revisión de sus fundamentos y un giro de(s)colonial para encontrar las reexistencias y resistencias de estos pueblos en sus más de 522 años de lucha. Frente a la realidad de los saberes, desafíos históricos y perspectivas de los pueblos tradicionales, es posible afirmar que la psicología se encuentra ante la necesidad de redefinir sus marcos epistémicos y políticos.(AU)

Palliative care for Chinese immigrants in New Zealand: experiences and perceptions / Cuidados paliativos para inmigrantes chinos en Nueva Zelanda: experiencias y percepciones / Cuidados paliativos para imigrantes chineses na Nova Zelândia: experiências e percepções

Abstract Over the past several decades, palliative care has seen tremendous development in Western countries, but there is still inadequate access to palliative care among non-dominant ethnocultural groups. The Chinese have been the largest immigrant group in New Zealand since the 19th century(1). They have unique beliefs and practices around illness, death, dying and filial piety(2). These differ greatly from those in Western cultures and have notable implications for hospice palliative care planning and provision. However, immigrant Chinese community remains a relatively marginalised and under-researched group in palliative care(3-5). This results in limited knowledge about its culture and people among health professionals, as well as the lack of experience in providing terminal care to Chinese immigrants. Through the introduction of New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy and the analysis of Chinese immigrants' difficulties and preferences for palliative care, this aims to increase understanding of how cultural values of Chinese affect their acceptance and decision-making with respect to palliative care so that for efficiently providing palliative care to this ethnic minority group in New Zealand.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, los cuidados paliativos han experimentado un enorme desarrollo en los países occidentales, pero el acceso a los mismos sigue siendo insuficiente entre los grupos etnoculturales no dominantes. Los chinos son el mayor grupo de inmigrantes en Nueva Zelanda desde el siglo XIX(1). Tienen creencias y prácticas únicas en torno a la enfermedad, la muerte, el morir y la piedad filial(2). Éstas difieren en gran medida de las de las culturas occidentales y tienen notables implicaciones para la planificación y prestación de cuidados paliativos en los hospicios. Sin embargo, la comunidad china inmigrante sigue siendo un grupo relativamente marginado y poco investigado en el ámbito de los cuidados paliativos(3-5). Esto se traduce en un conocimiento limitado sobre su cultura y su población entre los profesionales sanitarios, así como en la falta de experiencia en la prestación de cuidados terminales a los inmigrantes chinos. A través de la introducción de la Estrategia de Cuidados Paliativos de Nueva Zelanda y el análisis de las dificultades y preferencias de los inmigrantes chinos en materia de cuidados paliativos, este ensayo pretende aumentar la comprensión de cómo los valores culturales de los chinos afectan a su aceptación y la toma de decisiones con respecto a los cuidados paliativos para que para proporcionar de manera eficiente los cuidados paliativos a este grupo étnico minoritario en Nueva Zelanda.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, os cuidados paliativos tem experimentado um enorme desenvolvimento nos países ocidentais mas ainda há acesso inadequado a cuidados paliativos entre grupos étnico-culturais não dominantes. Os chineses tem sido o maior grupo de imigrantes na Nova Zelândia desde o século XIX(1). Eles tem crenças e práticas singulares em torno de doença, morte, morrer e devoção filial(2). Isso difere grandemente das culturas ocidentais e tem implicações notáveis no planejamento e fornecimento de cuidados paliativos em lares de idosos. Entretanto, a comunidade de imigrantes chineses permanece sendo um grupo relativamente marginalizado e sub-investigado no que diz respeito a cuidados paliativos(3-5). Isso resulta em conhecimento limitado sobre sua cultura e povo entre profissionais da saúde, bem como na falta de experiência em fornecer cuidados terminais a imigrantes chineses. Através da introdução da Estratégia de Cuidados Paliativos da Nova Zelândia e a análise das dificuldades e preferências de imigrantes chineses para cuidados paliativos, esse estudo tente aumentar a compreensão de como valores culturais de chineses afetam sua aceitação e tomada de decisão a respeito de cuidados paliativos, de maneira a eficientemente fornecer cuidados paliativos a esse grupo étnico minoritário na Nova Zelândia.

Pensamiento filosófico y medicina / Philosophical thought and medicine

Puede decirse que el pensamiento filosófico y la medicina surgieron juntos en los inicios de la civilización griega, cuna de la cultura occidental. En el presente ensayo, se hace una revisión histórica desde la filosofía Pitagórica hasta los paradigmas de Kuhn, mostrando autores y obras de la antigüedad, modernidad y época contemporánea, que ilustran la influencia recíproca entre la filosofía y la medicina.

It is possible to say that philosophical thought and medicine emerged together at the beginning of the Greek civilization, cradle of western culture. In the present trial, a historical review is made, from Pythagorean philosophy to Kuhns' paradigms, showing authors and works from antiquity, modernity and contemporary epoch, illustrating the reciprocal influence between philosophy and medicine

The Art of Rhinoplasty: Researching Technical and Cultural Foundations of Western World Rhinosurgery, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

The analysis of the written sources allowed to follow the gradual development of every new technique in the field of rhinoplasty but also to understand the value of this surgery in those ancient times, highlighting a deep connection between traumatologic surgery of the nose and the development of modern "aesthetic and reconstructive" Rhinosurgery. Specifically, we analyzed the techniques described by less known surgeons to emphasize their cultural and surgical value. As a matter of fact, the descriptions offered by these authors clearly show the importance of rhinoplasty as a cardinal and autonomous practice since Antiquity, also clarifying the persistence and development of specific techniques for this surgical practice in the History of medicine. In the manuscript, the contributions of the Italian surgeons, such as Brancas and Vianeos families, are highlighted, demonstrating their influence on the progress of this surgical specialty in the Early Modern Age. Finally, we deepen the description of Gaspare Tagliacozzi's work, pointing out the topics and controversial debates arising from his techniques and innovations in "rhinosurgery" and also in the field of tissue transplantation, laying the foundations of modern Plastic Surgery.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

College students in the western world are becoming less emotionally intelligent: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of trait emotional intelligence.

OBJECTIVE: Over the last two decades, Western society has undergone a marked cultural transformation characterized by rising individualism. Concurrently, the digital landscape has transformed through the rise of social media and smartphones. These factors have previously been implicated in changing individuals' attitudes, behavior, and interpersonal interactions. We investigated whether these societal changes have coincided with changes in trait emotional intelligence (EI) over the last 17 years in Western university students. METHOD: We examined this question using a cross-temporal meta-analysis (k = 70; N = 16,917). RESULTS: There was no change in overall trait EI; however, the trait EI domains "well-being," "self-control," and "emotionality" demonstrated significant decreases with time, after controlling for gender composition and between-country differences. CONCLUSION: We discuss these findings in relation to how they contribute to our understanding of trait EI, and how they add to the literature on how Western society is changing with time.

Similarities and differences in peripheral artery disease between China and Western countries.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide, among whom more than two-thirds reside in low- and middle-income countries. China, as the largest low- and middle-income country, faces a challenge from the burden of PAD as the country undergoes economic expansion. We compared the patterns of PAD between China and Western countries to determine if there are differences in risk factors, awareness, or treatment of PAD. METHODS: Literature searches were performed both in English databases and Chinese databases covering January 1, 1995, to March 1, 2020. Both landmark and high-quality articles were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of PAD in high-income countries increases linearly with age, whereas PAD increases slowly until the middle 60s and exponentially thereafter in China. In contrast with Western countries, the prevalence of PAD in China is reported to be higher in women than in men. There is a higher prevalence of risk factors in China, but the rates of awareness and treatment of these risk factors are low. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of awareness and lower rates of treatment and control of PAD and its risk factors in China may be underlying the higher prevalence of PAD in women than in men as well as the steep increase in PAD after the middle 60s. In all countries, more attention should be paid to the planning and implementation of preventative strategies and clinical services. The societal and economic effects of PAD are considerable and ongoing studies are needed to help curtail the burden of this disease.

The whole body donation program at the university of Bologna: A report based on the experience of one of the oldest university in Western world.

Human body dissection is fundamental in medical education, as it allows future physicians to learn about the body's morphology in three dimensions, to recognize anatomical variations and to develop and increase the essential qualities of respect, compassion and empathy for patients. It is equally important in clinical training as it allows surgeons to improve their manual dexterity and practical skills and to test innovative surgical techniques and devices. In Italy prior to 2020, body acquisition and use for study and research purposes were regulated by a generic set of old directives and national decrees which dealt only marginally with these issues. However, in 2013, a whole body donation program was officially set up at the Institute of Human Anatomy of the University of Bologna. Completely free and voluntary informed consent has always been regarded as a core prerequisite and, since its inception, the program exclusively accepted bequeathed bodies. On February 10, 2020, a specific law governing the disposition of post mortem human body and tissues for study, training and scientific research purposes was definitively enacted. The present work traces the University of Bologna's experience leading to the whole body donation program and the brand new dissecting room. It describes the program of Bologna as an example of "good practice" in body donation, aimed at ensuring education and clinical training by means of both traditional gross anatomy and innovative technology. Moreover, it analyzes the results achieved in terms of increased donor enrollment and improved teaching/training quality and the strengths of this program in light of the provisions enshrined in the new law.